Monday, February 6, 2012

Map of the Yuan Dynasty


Map of the Yuan Dynasty
By Melissa Rose—Red Class—2/1/12


(From sacu.org)



The Yuan Dynasty lasted from 1279 to 1368. When the Mongols took rule, the Chinese Empire grew and now occupied Mongolia, Tibet, Koryo, and Nanzhou as well. Emperor Khan tried to conquer and occupy Japan as well, but the mission was unsuccessful. The capital of the empire was Dadu, which was the hometown of the emperor’s palace (the name Dadu meaning “great capital.”). China bordered India, Burma and Annam to the south, the Khanate of Chagatai to the west, the Khanate of Kipchack on the northwest and the East China Sea to the east.   

Marco Polo to Return to Italy: Editorial



Marco Polo to Return to Italy- Editorial
By Melissa Rose
China Daily Press

Marco Polo, an Italian explorer is returning to his home in Italy after 17 years of serving in the Yuan courts. He will leave on a two year voyage home with hundreds of other European travellers and explorers. However, he should stay and continue serving for the rest of his life because the Chinese government needs smart, strong foreigners.

Polo was very trusted and liked by Emperor Kublai Khan. He was an important government figure for most of his stay, and Khan always sent him on important missions, and eventually appointed him governor of one Chinese city. Khan needs people he can trust in his courts, and Polo fit the job perfectly. In addition to that, Westerners in China could bring great prosperity and wealth. They can bring and spread new ideas and inventions to strengthen and unify the country. Lastly, it is a great possibility that Polo may communicate and inform his friends from Europe about the wonders of China, and it would become more modernized, open and accepting to the outside world.

Some may argue that Polo should leave and never come back. Chinese civilian Mu-liu says, “He is trying to transform China into something its not.” It has also been stated by an anonymous that “There are already enough foreigners in the government and there certainly doesn’t need to be Westerners. He is going to steal China’s ideas and modernize them in a bad way.” These statements, however are racist and untrue. It is obvious that China needs foreign influence, and does not want or need to be stuck in the past. Polo will be spreading and sharing ideas, not stealing them.

Marco Polo should not leave China any time soon. He is much needed in the government for stability and influence. However, he feels it it is necessary to return home. He will be missed by most.

(From en.wikipedia.org)

Religions and Belief Systems in the Yuan Dynasty


Religion and Belief Systems in the Yuan Dynasty
By Melissa Rose—Red Class—2/2/12

            Religion played a big role in ancient Chinese life, and especially so in the Yuan dynasty where there was a foreign rule, and therefore, new ideas and philosophies spreading around. Emperor Kublai Khan was not strict about religion. When he took the throne, he was still practicing Shamanism, he did not try to convert anyone. He also believed in and followed Confucianism and allowed it to remain the foundation of Chinese society. Several other religions and belief systems in action at the time were Buddhism, Taoism, Legalism, and a few other less popular ones like Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
            Buddhism was becoming one of the most practiced religions in all of China. It had originated in India, and made its way into the Tang Dynasty in the mid 600’s. Buddhism was first introduced by the original “Buddha.” He was a spiritual figure who taught people to always second guess what they hear, not stress on the “unanswerable questions,” Karma comes in account when deciding your destiny for afterlife, and meditation brings inner peace.
            Confucianism was a set of rules to living a happy and peaceful life, written by Confucius, a Chinese philosopher. He taught that it was most important to respect your elders, and promoted the “five bonds” in which shows the five main relationships, listing the more powerful first: Ruler to Subject, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder Brother to Younger Brother, and the one that is and always will be equal: Friend to Friend. An important quote from his writings, The Analects is “It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.” This means never give up on your dreams, as long as it takes you to achieve them.
            Daoism promotes inner peace and harmony with nature. It was first founded by a man known as Laozi. He believed in balance, meditation and peace. This is also the origination of “Yin and Yang.” Yin is the bad, and Yang is the good. Without some Bad in the world, we wouldn’t know Good. This created a balance in the world. Laozi also believed if one had harmony with nature, they would live a long, happy life. An important quote from his writings, Daodejing is “He who knows does not speak. He who speaks does not know.
            Some Chinese believed in many gods, and for some, there was only one. In the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Khan was very flexible with religions because it was probably the biggest aspect in most people’s lives. Every day, people worshiped, they meditated and they communicated with their gods and created enough inner peace to deal with all the other political stress in China.


(From godpaths.com)

My Interview with Marco Polo, Famous Explorer


My Interview With Marco Polo, Famous Explorer
By Melissa Rose—Red Class—2/1/12

Q:  What was your childhood like, and why did you decide to voyage eastward at such a young age?
A:  I grew up in Venice, Italy in 1254. My mother died at a young age, and my father Niccolo and his brother Maffeo were big merchant-travelers, so I was mainly raised by an aunt and uncle. In 1269, my father and uncle returned home and I met them for the very first time. Almost at once, when I turned 17, they offered for me to tag along on their venture to Asia. I gladly went with them and met some amazing people along the way.

Q:  What was your very first impression of China under the Yuan rule?
A:  It was beyond amazing. I thought it had to have been the prettiest place on earth. After travelling through the deserts and grasslands, we reached the capital of Dadu, to present ourselves to the emperor. We were nervous out of our minds that he wouldn’t like us and send us away, but as we knelt before him, I came to the realization that he was, even with all his power, a warm, friendly man. He liked us and allowed us to stay for as long as we wanted.

Q:  Tell me about your relationship with Emperor Kublai Khan.
A:  Emperor Khan is a great guy, and I definitely would consider him a good friend of mine. He trusted me very much, and there was something about me that really stood out to him. While I was very shocked when he offered me a position in the courts for the government, I was also honored that he wanted me as such a high rank so early in my stay. He sent me on many missions to Burma and India, and finally appointed me governor of a small Chinese city. He’s a really nice person.

Q:  Why is it that you want to leave China? You’ve been here for 17 years.
A:  I know, and I love it here. I would never leave if I had the choice. But however, I have agreed with both my dad and uncle that it is the best choice to go. Kublai Khan is getting old, now he must be in his late seventies. I fear that if he dies while we are here, we may not be able to leave the empire with all the riches we have acquired! If the throne is taken back by the Chinese, and a new dynasty forms, it may be virtually impossible to return home at all. When we proposed this idea to the emperor, he was not pleased. I was a close, trusted friend and official that he needed to help him rule. But in the kindness of his heart, he agreed to see us go if I escorted Princess Kokachin from Mongolia to her wedding with Prince Arghun of Persia. I, of course, gladly accepted the deal.

Q: Honestly, what kind of impact do you think you left on China?
A: I could tell how cut off China was and is from the outside world and how it lacked foreign influence. I hope by my stay, I taught people that not all Europeans and Westerners in general are the stereotypical uneducated, too rich idiots we are perceived to be. Hopefully now, I have been able to spread enough new ideas around that China will grow and prosper with the rest of the world, rather than still be living the same life in thousands of years when the rest of the world are communicating with aliens or practicing even more advanced sciences. While I know my presence was not enjoyed by all, I like to think I really helped China make the next step towards new and greater achievements.  



Inventions of the Yuan Dynasty: Paper Money


Inventions of the Yuan Dynasty: Paper Money
By Melissa Rose—Red Class—2/1/12

Paper money was arguably the greatest invention spread to China during the Yuan Dynasty. Paper money had been in circulation around Asia several hundred years beforehand, but during the Yuan rule, paper money became the only form acceptable. Before that, coins were the main monetary system in and around China. They were constructed from several metals such as gold, silver and copper. However, some of the coins were large and heavy, and it was a great burden to carry lots around, or even to the market. Paper money relieved that extra unnecessary weight, so now, one could carry around even more of it, and it would still be 10 times less the weight. In addition to the weight issue of the coins, paper money was easier to trade and travel with. Paper money was a great leap forward for China, and not one villager would disagree. 




                                       
An ancient Chinese note

(From news.goldseek.com)

Art in the Yuan Dynasty


Art in the Yuan Dynasty
By Melissa Rose—Red Class—2/2/12

            The arts were a very big part of Chinese life in the Yuan Dynasty. Many artists painted pictures expressing feelings on the foreign rule. Many artists of the time were the scholars, who would paint a landscape, and sometimes a person in traditional Chinese robes in the background.
            Many paintings included animals such as horses and fish, and almost every picture had Chinese writing and calligraphy printed on the sides. Flowers and bamboo trees were also a main focus in lots of artwork. The paintings were drawn on papyrus scrolls, and used many inks, but most popularly, red and black. Chinese artwork greatly reflected on every-day life. Confucianism was still a big belief system at the time, and many of the pictures promoted peace and virtues that Confucius had preached. Many of the paintings that survived to today are portraits of emperors and famous officials, or they are of nature and scenery.    
            Also in addition to paintings, Yuan artwork included “china” dishware, which was made from white porcelain and painted with intricate blue designs, and sometimes including scenery. Ceramics and pottery were also in high abundance, because they were in high demand in the west, and often traded along the Silk Road. These vases and pots were often made from clay and painted brightly with flowers and patterns.
            Many Chinese people enjoyed creating artwork either for themselves, or to sell as vendors, or trade along the Silk Road. The specific style of art is easily recognizable as Chinese, because of the bamboo and Cyprus trees which are most common. Art played a big role in the Yuan world, and we learn more and more history through every painting.


"China" dishware
(From www.babybegood.nl)
Pottery: Vase
(From dynastyantique.com)
"Summer Mountains" by Qu Ding
(From metmuseum.org)